Exposição infantil aos agrotóxicos: avaliação de alimentos representativos da dieta de crianças do município do Rio de Janeiro / Children's exposure to pesticides: evaluation of food representatives of children's diets in the city of Rio de Janeiro

RESUMO Alimentação adequada durante os primeiros anos de vida é fundamental para a saúde e tem repercussões em todos os ciclos da vida do indivíduo. Diversos trabalhos científicos associam efeitos nocivos à saúde com exposição aos agrotóxicos. Foram avaliados 312 agrotóxicos em alimentos comumente presentes na dieta infantil, selecionados a partir do cardápio do programa de alimentação escolar da educação infantil do município do Rio de Janeiro. A seleção dos alimentos baseou-se na frequência de consumo conforme os cardápios semanais da rede municipal de ensino. A análise multirresíduos por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas sequencial em 145 amostras (leite, cereais infantis, banana, maçã, mamão, laranja, feijão e arroz) identificou 426 detecções de 53 agrotóxicos diferentes. Mais de 68% das amostras apresentaram múltiplos resíduos de agrotóxicos. Com os resultados, foi estimada a exposição da população infantil aos resíduos encontrados, indicando potencial risco à saúde das crianças, que precisa ser uma preocupação prioritária da saúde pública. É necessário verificar os impactos toxicológicos do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde infantil, ampliar a aquisição de alimentos orgânicos pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e fortalecer a agroecologia com incentivos e políticas pública, buscando proteção e promoção da saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Adequate nutrition in the first years of life is a fundamental requirement for health and affects all life cycles of the individual. Several scientific studies associate exposure to pesticides with adverse effects to health. A total of 312 pesticides residues were evaluated in common foods from children's diets, selected from the infancy school feeding program menu in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The selection of food was based on the frequency of consumption according to the weekly menus of the municipal school system. Multiresidue pesticide analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry in 145 samples (milk, infant cereal, banana, apple, papaya, orange, beans and rice) identified 426 detections of 53 different pesticides. More than 68% of the samples had multiple pesticide residues. Based on the results, was estimated the exposure of children to residues that were detected, indicating a potential risk to children's health, which needs to be a priority public health concern. It is necessary to verify the toxicological impacts of the use of pesticides on children's health, to expand the acquisition of organic foods by the School Feeding National Program, and to strengthen agroecology with incentives and public policies, aiming at the protection and promotion of collective health.

Validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method to determine six polyether ionophores in raw, UHT, pasteurized and powdered milk.

This study aimed to validate a method developed for the determination of six antibiotics from the polyether ionophore class (lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and semduramicin) at residue levels in raw, UHT, pasteurized and powdered milk using QuEChERS extraction and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The validation was conducted under an in-house laboratory protocol that is primarily based on 2002/657/EC Decision, but takes in account the variability of matrix sources. Overall recoveries between 93% and 113% with relative standard deviations up to 16% were obtained under intermediate precision conditions. CCα calculated values did not exceed 20% the Maximum Residue Limit for monensin and 25% the Maximum Levels for all other substances. The method showed to be simple, fast and suitable for verifying the compliance of raw and processed milk samples regarding the limits recommended by Codex Alimentarius and those adopted in European Community for polyether ionophores.

Innovative mixture of salts in the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the extraction of residual macrolides in milk followed by analysis with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple extraction technique has been developed for seven macrolide antibiotics in milk. The procedure involves a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method based on acetonitrile extraction, followed by the addition of a mixture of salts (sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, and potassium carbonate) not yet reported in literature. The method was validated for tylosin and was selective, free of matrix effect, and linear in the range of 0.78-18.75 ng/mL in the final extract, corresponding to 0.125-3 times the maximum residue limit. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, decision limit, and detection capability were, respectively, 0.84, 2.79, 58.4, and 71.7 µg/kg. The overall average recovery at 25, 50, and 75 µg/kg ranged from 89-97%. Repeatability and intermediate precision expressed by relative standard deviations were below 10.5 and 12%, respectively. The extension of the validation for spiramycin, throleandomycin, oleandomycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin is under consideration since the procedure proved to be able to efficiently extract all studied macrolides, with recoveries from 74-104% at 50 µg/kg for tylosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, and oleandomycin and 20 µg/kg for throleandomycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin.

Avaliação da contaminação de amostras de soja com resíduos de agrotóxicos pelo método QuEChERS acetato com análise por meio de CLAE-EM/EM / Evaluation of the soy samples contamination with pesticides residues by using QuEChERS acetate methodology and applying LC-MS/MS analysis

O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a situação atual do consumo de alimentos à base de soja disponíveis no mercado em relação à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos. A metodologia foi validada para efetuar a determinação de 122 resíduos de pesticida na matriz soja e de 124 substâncias na matriz extrato solúvel de soja. As curvas analíticas estudadas nas duas matrizes apresentaram linearidade na faixa de trabalho analisada (0,002 a 0,200 μg.mL-1). A exatidão e a precisão em dois níveis de fortificação apresentaram valores de 70 % a 119 % de recuperação e de CV (%) de 1 a 18. O Limite de Quantificação(LQ) apresentou resultados satisfatórios (0,005 a 0,215 mg.kg-1 matriz soja e 0,006 a 0,028 mg.kg-1 matriz extrato solúvel de soja) em relação aos Limites Máximos de Resíduo (LMRs) quando existentes. Para realizar o estudo, foram selecionadas 42 amostras de soja e materiais à base de soja. As amostras foram adquiridas, no período de 2011 a 2012, em estabelecimentos comerciais na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Esta avaliação exploratória de contaminação evidenciou o uso inapropriado dos agrotóxicos ciprodinil, pirimifós-metílico, ciazofamida e butóxido de piperonilana soja e de estar em desacordo com a legislação vigente.

This study aimed atassessing the current status of the consumption of soy-based foods available atmarket regarding to the presence of pesticide residues. The methodology was validated for determining122 pesticides residues in the matrix soybean and 124 in the matrix of soluble soy extract. The analytical curvesstudied in the two arrays showed linearity in the evaluated zone (0.002 to 0.200 μg.mL-1). The accuracy andprecision of two fortification ranges exhibited recovery values of 70 % - 119 %, and CV (%) values from 1 to 18.The limit of quantification (LQ) showed satisfactory results (0.005 to 0.215 mg.kg-1 matrix of soybeansand 0.006 to 0.028 mg.kg -1 matrix of soluble soy extract) regarding to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) when they occur. Forty-two soy and soy-based samples were randomly selected for this study. The samples were acquired in the period from 2011 to 2012 at commercial establishments located in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. This study evidenced the contamination of soybeans with pesticides residues as cyprodinil, pirimiphos-methyl, cyazofamid, and piperonyl butoxide, indicating their inappropriate use and being noncompliant to the legislationin force.

Validação de metodologia QuEChERS-acetato para a análise de multirresíduo de agrotóxicos em amostras de soja e de extrato solúvel de soja utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial / Validation of acetate QuEChERS methodology for pesticides multiresidue analysis in soybean samples and soybean-soluble extract by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Com o aumento da utilização da soja e seus derivados na alimentação humana torna-se importante a avaliação da possibilidade de contaminação desses produtos por resíduos de agrotóxicos. Neste contexto,este estudo efetuou a validação da metodologia QuEChERS-acetato, para análise de 144 resíduos de agrotóxicos em soja e no extrato solúvel de soja por meio de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: seletividade (efeito matriz nos dois tipos de amostras), linearidade (faixa de trabalho, significância da regressão e homogeneidade dos resíduos da regressão), exatidão (recuperação), precisão (repetitividade) e limite de detecção e de quantificação.As curvas analíticas apresentaram R2 ≥ 0,95 e r ≥ 0,98 na faixa de trabalho (0,002 a 0,200 μg.mL-1). A exatidão e precisão em dois níveis de fortificação das duas matrizes apresentaram valores de 70 a 120 %de recuperação e CV(%) ≤ 20 %, respectivamente. O limite de detecção e de quantificação apresentou resultados satisfatórios. A metodologia validada possibilitou a determinação de 122 substâncias na matriz soja e 124 na matriz de extrato solúvel de soja...

Estudo das propriedades físico-químicas da glibenclamida e excipientes que influem sobre resultados do ensaio de dissolução para medicamento similar e genérico / Effect of the physicochemical properties of glyburide on the results of dissolution test for generic and similar drugs

Alguns insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) possuem como característica, a possibilidade de apresentarem o polimorfismo, que pode se desenvolver em alguma das etapas do processo de produção na indústria. No caso deste não ser caracterizado e especificado, um diferente polimorfo poderá ser utilizado equivocadamente durante o processo de fabricação. A ocorrência de polimorfismo pode originar importantes variações nas propriedades físico-químicas dos IFAs, principalmente quanto à solubilidade. Alguns medicamentos de glibenclamida (GLIB) apresentaram denúncias de ineficácia terapêutica e a presença de polimorfos pode ser uma das possíveis causas. Neste trabalho foram analisados cinco medicamentos e cinco IFAS de diferentes fornecedores. Para os medicamentos foram feitos testes característicos de verificação de equivalência farmacêutica. Nos IFAS, as diversas técnicas empregadas não evidenciaram presença de polimorfos ou alterações importantes nas propriedades físico-químicas e na velocidade de dissolução intrínseca. Entretanto, os perfis de dissolução dos medicamentos, principalmente, entre os dois similares A e B demonstraram diferenças apontadas pelos valores do fator f2, respectivamente, de 20 e 42, os quais indicaram associação destes valores com a presença de distintos excipientes, como por exemplo o manitol e diferentes processos de produção industrial.

Some active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) might present polymorphism at any stage of the industryproduction process. In caseit is not characterized and specified, a different polymorph might beerroneously used during the manufacturing procedure. Polymorphisms cause some variations in thephysicochemical properties of APIs, especially in solubility. Therapeutic inefficacy was detected in someglyburide drug products, and the occurrence of polymorphs might be one of the possible reasons. Thisstudy analyzed five drug products and five APIs., The characteristic pharmaceutical equivalence testswere used for analyzing the drug products. The techniques employed to evaluate the APIs showed nodifferences in polymorphism, no significant changes in the physicochemical properties or in the intrinsicdissolution rate. However, the dissolution profiles of the drug products, mainly between two similarproducts A and B, showed significant differences in the f2 factor values, being 20 and 42, respectively,indicating that these values were related to the occurrence of different excipients, such as mannitol.

Avaliação de crioprotetores na produção de material de referência para enumeração de coliformes em leite em pó a ser utilizado em ensaio de proficiência / Evaluation of cryoprotectants in the production of reference material for coliforms counting in milk powder to be used for proficiency testing

O desafio na produção de materiais de referência (MR) destinados a ensaios microbiológicos é ainstabilidade natural dos micro-organismos. A liofilização é indicada para criopreservação de culturasbacterianas quando o número de células deve ser resguardado. Agentes protetores podem ser adicionadosantes do congelamento para aumentar a estabilidade do material. Neste trabalho foram avaliados oscrioprotetores na produção de MR liofilizados a serem utilizados em ensaio de proficiência para contagemde coliformes. Foram produzidos quatro lotes utilizando-se diferentes crioprotetores: solução de leitedesnatado a 10 % (EC1), a mesma solução contendo glicerol (EC2), sacarose (EC3) e trealose (EC4). Umacepa de Escherichia coli foi empregada no preparo dos materiais. A homogeneidade foi avaliada conforme oProtocolo Internacional Harmonizado. A estabilidade foi estudada durante quatro meses à ≤ -70 ºC (longaduração) e às temperaturas de -20 ºC, 4 ºC, 25 ºC e 35 ºC durante cinco dias (curta duração), segundo aISO/GUIDE 35. Apenas EC1 foi considerado não homogêneo. Os lotes permaneceram estáveis à ≤ -70 ºCdurante quatro meses. EC2 apresentou resultados insatisfatórios na estabilidade de curta duração. EC3 eEC4 foram homogêneos e estáveis nas temperaturas estudadas. A sacarose e a trealose foram consideradascrioprotetores adequados para o preparo do MR em questão.

Simultaneous determination of polyether ionophores, macrolides and lincosamides in hen eggs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using a simple solvent extraction.

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of residues of 6 polyether ionophores (lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, salinomycin, semduramicin), 3 macrolides (erythromycin, tylosin, clarithromycin) and 1 lincosamide (lincomycin) in eggs. Nigericin was used as qualitative internal standard. Samples were deproteinizated/extracted with acetonitrile without pH adjustments. Aliquots of the extracts were evaporated and reconstituted for injection in the instrument operated in positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The stability of the antibiotics and the intensity of the formed ions were considered in order to select a suitable solvent for the reconstitution of the obtained dry extracts. No clean-up steps were required and matrix effects were controlled by sample dilution, selection of appropriate chromatographic conditions and reduced injection volume. Good within-laboratory reproducibility was obtained, with relative standard deviations (RSD(R)) from 4.0 (semduramicin at 5 µgkg(-1)) to 18.6 (erythromycin at 25 µgkg(-1)) for the ionophores and macrolides. Lincomycin showed the least precise results, with a maximum RSD(R) of 20.2% at 75 µgkg(-1)). Satisfactory decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCß) were also attained. Method limits of detection (LODs) from 0.04 (salinomycin) to 1.6 µgkg(-1) (lincomycin) were achieved. Method limits of quantification (LOQs) were from 0.14 to 5.3 µgkg(-1) for the same drugs, respectively. All the LOQs, except that obtained for maduramicin were remarkably below the lowest validation level. The proposed method is suitable for routine application in commercial egg samples.

Pilot survey of hen eggs consumed in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for polyether ionophores, macrolides and lincosamides residues.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, which has recently been developed and validated, was used for the identification and quantification of polyether ionophore, macrolide and lincosamide residues in commercial eggs sold in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The method was applied to 100 samples and the results showed a high incidence of polyether ionophore residues (25%). Salinomycin was detected in 21% of samples, but only two non-compliant results (5.3 and 53 µg kg(-1)) were found if maximum limits (tolerances) established by European Union were adopted in Brazil and if a method decision limit (CCα) of 3.4 µg kg(-1) was considered. In 8% of analyzed samples, more than one studied coccidiostat was found. The lincosamide, lincomycin, and the macrolide, tylosin, were detected at trace levels in 4 and 1% of the samples, respectively. Lasalocid, clarithromycin and erythromycin were not found.

Pilot survey of commercial pasteurized milk consumed in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for tetracyclines residues, including the 4-epimers of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline.

This pilot survey aimed to assess the occurrence of tetracyclines and the 4-epimers of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline in commercial pasteurized milks sold in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between October 2009 and March 2010. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, developed and validated in our laboratory, was used. All 100 analyzed samples were compliant, but 14 contained oxytetracycline in concentrations ranging from the method limit of detection (3.7 µg l(-1)) to the method limit of quantification (12.2 µg l(-1)). One sample contained oxytetracycline and tetracycline simultaneously (at a concentration slightly higher than method limit of quantification, 7.0 µg l(-1)). The presence of 4-epioxytetracycline and 4-epitetracycline in contaminated samples with the parent drugs could not be confirmed as traces were detected only in the quantification MRM transition. No other tetracyclines were detected.

Resíduos e contaminantes químicos em alimentos de origem animal no Brasil: histórico, legislação e atuação da vigilância sanitária e demais sistemas regulatórios / Chemical residues and contaminants in food of animal origin in Brazil: history, legislation and actions of sanitary surveillance and other regulatory systems

A segurança de alimentos é um tema cada vez mais relevante, devido à crescente busca por uma melhor qualidade de vida e conscientização dos consumidores quanto ao direito de adquirir produtos seguros à saúde. O uso de substâncias em animais produtores de alimentos para o consumo humano requer de estudos de farmacocinética à depleção dos resíduos, com o estabelecimento de valores limitativos, de forma que não constituam em um risco à saúde. Além das substâncias utilizadas intencionalmente, outras advindas da contaminação ambiental ou contaminação das rações ingeridas por esses animais podem atingir o homem através da dieta. Os objetivos deste artigo são reunir e discutir os principais atos federais relativos a resíduos e contaminantes químicos em alimentos de origem animal no Brasil, além daqueles relativos ao controle de medicamentos de uso veterinário e aditivos para produtos destinados à alimentação animal. A apresentação cronológica das bases legais pretende facilitar a interpretação dos atos dentro dos respectivos cenários políticos e econômicos. As propostas de ação dos diferentes agentes envolvidos nos sistemas regulatórios são discutidas sob o ponto de vista da saúde pública.

Food safety became a relevant subject due to the increasing search for a better way of life and consciousness of the consumers to stand on one's rights to acquire healthy products. The use of substances in animals destined for human consumption requires from pharmacokinetics to residue depletion studies, with the establishment of limitative values so that do not constitute a risk to health. Beyond the substances used deliberately, others coming from environment contamination or contamination of feeding stuffs consumed by these animals may reach human through the diet. The aims of this paper are to collect and discuss the main federal acts covering chemical residues and contaminants in food of animal origin in Brazil, besides those on measures to control veterinary medicinal products and additives for use in animal nutrition. The chronological presentation of the legal basis intends to facilitate the interpretation of the acts inside respective political and economics scenarios. The actions proposed from the different agents involved into the regulatory systems are discussed from the public health point of view.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmatory assay for the simultaneous determination of several tetracyclines in milk considering keto-enol tautomerism and epimerization phenomena.

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the analysis of several tetracyclines residues in bovine milk has been developed. Milk deproteinization/extraction of samples was performed with acidified acetonitrile. After diluting and purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE), the extracts were injected into the instrument operated in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. The reversible epimerization at C-4 of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline and the keto-enol tautomerism of chlortetracycline between C-11a and C-12 were considered for reliable quantification. Degradation was also taken in account and minimized for the same purpose. A central composite (response surface) design with desirability function was employed for the optimization of extraction and clean-up steps. The optimization improved the extraction efficiency of the more polar analytes reaching 93.9% for 4-epioxytetracycline and 95.8% for oxytetracycline at 100 microg L(-1). The validation was performed following the criteria established by Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.

[Chemical residues and contaminants in food of animal origin in Brazil: history, legislation and actions of sanitary surveillance and other regulatory systems]. / Resíduos e contaminantes químicos em alimentos de origem animal no Brasil: histórico, legislação e atuação da vigilância sanitária e demais sistemas regulatórios.

Food safety became a relevant subject due to the increasing search for a better way of life and consciousness of the consumers to stand on one's rights to acquire healthy products. The use of substances in animals destined for human consumption requires from pharmacokinetics to residue depletion studies, with the establishment of limitative values so that do not constitute a risk to health. Beyond the substances used deliberately, others coming from environment contamination or contamination of feeding stuffs consumed by these animals may reach human through the diet. The aims of this paper are to collect and discuss the main federal acts covering chemical residues and contaminants in food of animal origin in Brazil, besides those on measures to control veterinary medicinal products and additives for use in animal nutrition. The chronological presentation of the legal basis intends to facilitate the interpretation of the acts inside respective political and economics scenarios. The actions proposed from the different agents involved into the regulatory systems are discussed from the public health point of view.